Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Chapter 3
Terminology Review:
3. Atria - the two upper chambers of the heart.
4. Venae Cavae - the largest vein through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the
heart.
5. Ventricles - the two lower chambers of the heart.
6. Aorta - the largest artery in the body, which receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body.
7. Systole - contraction of the heart.
8. Diastole - relaxation of the heart.
9. Blood Pressure – the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels; created by the pumping action of the heart. Blood pressure increases during systole and decreases during diastole
10. Veins - carry blood to the heart.
11. Arteries - carry blood away from the heart.
12. Capillaries - very small blood vessels that distribute blood to all parts of the body.
13. Respiratory System – the lungs, air passages, and breathing muscles; supplies oxygen to the body and carries off carbon dioxide.
14. Alveoli – tiny air sacs in the lungs through whose walls gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of blood.
15. Glucose – a simple sugar that circulates in the blood and can be used by cells to fuel adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
16. Glycogen - A complex carbohydrate stored principally in the liver and skeletal muscles; the major fuel source during most forms of exercise.
17. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - energy source for cellular processes.
18. Immediate energy system - energy system that supplies energy to muscle cells through a breakdown of cellular stores of ATP and creatine phosphate.
19. Nonoxidative (anaerobic) energy system - energy system that supplies energy to muscle
cells through the breakdown of muscle stores of glucose and glycogen.
20. Anaerobic – occurring in the absence of oxygen.
21. Lactic acid - A metabolic acid that results from the metabolism of glucose and glycogen; its accumulation may produce fatigue. It is an important source of fuel for many tissues of the body.
22. Oxidative (aerobic) energy system - energy system that supplies energy to cells through
the breakdown of glucose, glycogen, fats, and amino acids.
23. Aerobic – dependent on the presence of oxygen.
24. Mitochondria – intracellular structures containing enzymes used in the chemical reactions that convert the energy in food to a form the body can use
25. Maximum Oxygen Consumption (MOC or VO 2max) - Highest rate of oxygen consumption an individual is capable of during maximum physical effort, reflecting the body’s ability to transport and use oxygen; expressed in milliliters used per minute for each kilogram of body weight.
26. Free Radicals – highly reactive compounds that can damage cells by taking electrons from key cellular components such as DNA or the cell membrane; produced by normal metabolic processes and through exposure to environmental factors, including sunlight.
27. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) – disease of the heart and blood vessels
28.
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) – heart disease caused by the buildup of
fatty deposits on the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart; also called Coronary Artery Disease
(CAD)
29. Lipoproteins - Substances in blood, classified according to size, density, and chemical composition, that transport fats.
30. Endorphins - Substances resembling morphine that are secreted by the brain and that decrease pain, suppress fatigue,
and produce euphoria.
31. Neurotransmitters – brain chemicals that transmit nerve impulses
32. Target hear rate zone - The range of heart rates that should be reached and maintained during cardiorespiratory endurance
exercise to obtain training effects.
33. Heart Rate Reserve - the difference between maximum heart rate and resting heart rate; used in one method for calculating target heart rate range
34. Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) – a system of monitoring exercise intensity based on assigning a number to the
subjective perception of target intensity.
35. Synovial fluid - Fluid found within many joints that provides lubrication and nutrition to the cells of the joints surface.
36. Cross-training – alternating two or more activities to improve a single component of fitness (for example, walking 2
days per week and swimming 2 days per week to build cardio respiratory endurance).
37. Dehydration – excessive loss of body fluid.
38. Heat Cramps – sudden development of muscle spasms and pain associated with intense exercise in hot weather
39. Heat exhaustion – heat illness related to dehydration resulting from exertion in hot weather.
40. Heatstroke – a severe and often fatal heat illness produced by exposure to very high temperatures, especially when
combined with intense exercise; characterized by significantly elevated core body temperature.
41. Heat Index – a measure of how hot it feels; the temperature that would have the same heating effect on a person as a given
combination of temperature and relative humidity.
42. Hypothermia – low body temperature due to exposure to cold conditions.
43. Frostbite – freezing of body tissues characterized by pallor, numbness, and a loss of cold sensation.
44. Wind Chill – a measure of how cold it feels based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin caused by cold and wind;
the temperature that would have the same cooling effect on a person as a given combination of temperature and wind speed.
Study Questions:
1. What is cardiorespiratory endurance?
2. What are the benefits of regular cardiorespiratory endurance exercise?
3. How is metabolism affected by regular CRE exercise?
4. What influence does regular CRE exercise have on body composition?
5. How is psychological and emotional well-being affected by regular CRE exercise?
6. What types of exercise develop CRE?
7. What are 3 factors that are important when designing a CRE exercise?
8. What is the recommended training intensity for CRE exercise, and what may happen if you
train above or below the recommended training zone?
9. Why are warm-up and cool-down important for an exercise program, and what activities are
important to include in each?
10. What treatment is recommended following a minor athletic injury?