Age of exploration
Silk Road
Henry VII Tudor Dynasty
Fall of
Cartography Maps / Rutters / Portolanos
Amerigo Vespucci Pedro Cabral
Cogs & Caravels
Square / Lateen sails
“Roaring Forties” “Trade Winds”
Prince Henry the Navigator 1394 –
1460
Vasco de Gama
Ferdinand Magellan 1517 – 1519
East India Company 1600
Dutch East India Co. 1602
Slave trade Gold Coast
Congo & Zaire River basins
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther Renaissance
Sola Scriptura "Patristic
Tradition"
Desiderius Erasmus, (1466 - 1536) Enchiridion Milites
Christianae 1503
The Praise of Folly
1511
Pluralism absenteeism
Brotherhood of the Common Life
Devotio Moderna.
Thomas Kemper (1380 - 1471)
The Imitation of Christ
Martin
Luther (1483 - 1546)
Justification by Faith indulgences
Johannes Tetzel Treasury
of Merit
95 Theses Leo X
Thomas DeVio, Cardinal Catejan
Johannes Gutenberg printing press
Lorenzo
Valla
On the False Donation of
Charles V Peace of Augsburg 1555 Cuis
regio eius religio
Protestation of
Ulrich Zwingli (1484 - 1531) Eucharist
Transubstantiation Consubstantiation
John Calvin,
(1509 - 1564)
The
Institutes of the Christian Religion 1536
Predestination The Elect The
Reprobate
The Consistory
John Knox
Conrad Grebel (1500 - 1526) Anabaptists
Henry VIII (1509 - 1547) Catherine
of
Pope Clement VII Anne Boelyn
Archbishop of
Act of Supremacy 1534
English Book of Common Prayer
Catholic Reformation or Counter
Reformation
1) The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits,
founded by
Ignatius Loyola (1491 - 1556) in
1540.
2) Pope Paul III (1534 - 1549) who initiated the
Roman Inquisition.
Paul IV (1555 - 1559) Index of Forbidden Books.
3) The Council of
“Wars of Religion”
Bourbon Monarchy Huegenots
Henry IV Edict of
Elizabeth I,
(1558 - 1603)
The Thirty
Years War (1618 - 1648)
Peace of
THE MOSLEM EMPIRES
Ottomans Safavids Mughals
Tamerlane Mehmet II (r.1451 – 1481)
Selim I (r.1512 – 1520) Pashas (Governors)
Suleiman I
(r.1520 – 1566)
Austrian Empire Russian Empire
Safavid Dynasty
Shah Ishmael (r.1487 – 1524) Sheikh Safi-al-Din
Shah Hussein (r.1694 – 1723)
Mughal Empire India
Babur (r.1483 – 1530)
Humayun Akbar (r.1556 –
1605)
Galen Hippocrates
Democritus Eratasthones
Hipparchus
Aristotle
Claudius Ptolemy
Pythagoras
Cosmos Geocentric
Theory
Retrograde Motion
Nicolaus Copernicus
Heliocentric Theory Johannes Kepler
Tycho Brahe Elliptical orbits
Galileo Galilei
The Starry Messenger 1610
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Matematica
1686
On the Fabric of the Human Body 1543
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood 1628
“Cogito ergo sum” I think, therefore I am.
Rationalism Enlightenment Philosophe
Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690
The Spirit of the Laws 1748
Francois Marie Arouet Voltaire
Treatise on Toleration 1763
Candide 1759
Adam Smith The
Wealth of Nations 1776
Essay on Crime & Punishment
1764
Jean Jacques Rosseau
The Social Contract 1762
Mongols
Jurchens Manchus
Li Tzu Ch’eng 1604 – 1651 Ch’ing (Pure)
K’ang Hsi 1661 – 1722
Yung Chen 1722 - 1736
Ch’ien Lung 1736 – 1795
Treaties of Nerchinsk & Kiakhta 1689
Ashikaga Shogunate 1467 Onin
War
Daimyos
“When only muscle counts, the warrior
doesn’t care if he’s a dog or a beast, the main thing is winning”
Oda Nobunaga 1568 – 1582
Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1582 – 1598
Tokugawa Ieyasu 1598 – 161 Shoen
“Sword hunts” Tanegashima 1543
Edo
Ronin
“masterless samurai”
French Revolution & Napoleon
Ancien Regiem “Modern History”
Agricultural Revolution Cottage industry
James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny 1765
Richard Arkwright Water frame
Thomas Savery Henry Newcommen
Global Economy “Balance of Power”
Charles II r. 1665 – 1700 Peace of
War of the Polish Succession
1733 – 1735
War of the Austrian
Succession 1740 – 1748
Charles VI Maria Teresa
Frederick II
French & Indian War William Pitt
George Washington
James Wolfe
Treaty of
Stamp Act 1765 Declaration
of
Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin
French Revolution
Napoleonic Era
Marie Antoinette Louis
XVI 1774 – 1793
Assembly of Notables 1787 Estates General
Lominie de Brienne Bourgeoisie
“Doubling the 3rd”
Vote by Order Vote
by Head
Bastille
National Guard Marquis de Lafayette
March of the Fishwives
Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen
Civil Constitution of the Clergy July 1790
“active citizens” “passive
citizens”
Varennes June
1791 Emigres
Society of the Friends of the Constitution Jacobins
Jean-Paul Marat Georges
Jacques Danton
Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror
Treaty of Campoformio
1797
Consulate
Emperor Napoleon I
Banque de Francais franc
Universite de Paris Code
Napoleon
Jena & Auerstadt
October 1806
Friedland June
1807
Trafalgar
Continental System Czar
Alexander I
Invasion of
Le Grande Armee
664,000 troops
Marshal Kutusov General “Winter”
Imperialism &
Colonialism
Daniel Headrick
The Tools of Empire
John Hobson Imperialism: A Study 1902
Cote d’Oro
Malaria Yellow
Fever Sleeping Sickness
Pelletier & Caventou 1829
Cinchona tree Alkaloid
of Quinine Java
Ferdinand de Lesseps
Mahdi 1881 Charles “Chinese” Gordon
Boers Afrikaans
Voortrek 1835 –
1840
Mfecane “Time
of Troubles” Zulus
Shaka Assegai Impis
Piet Retief
A.H Potgieter
Dingane Zulu
Wars
Andreas Pretorius Mpande
Cetewayo 1872 F.A. Thesiger
Isanhlwana
“Little Sphinx”
Mohandas K. Gandhi
1913 Mahatma
Jawaharlal Nehru
1930’s
NATIONALISM
Klemens von Metternich
Robert Stewart
(Viscount Castlereagh)
The “Concert of
Balance of Power
Legitimacy
Compensation
Dr. Henry Kissenger A
World Restored
Ultramontaignes Charles
X 1824 – 1830
July Monarchy Louis
Phillipe
William I
Belgian National Congress 1825
Leopold of Saxe-Coburg
Irish Potato Famine
1845
1848 Revolution French
2nd Republic
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon III
1852 – 1871
Zollverein Frederick
William IV 1840 – 1861
Victor Emmanuel II
1849 – 1878
Camillo di Cavour Guiseppe
Garibaldi
Wilhelm I 1861
– 1888
Landtag Otto
von Bismarck
Realpolitik
Austro-Prussian Danish War 1864
Seven Weeks War
1866
Koniggratz
North German Confederation
Chancellor
Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern
Franco-Prussian War
Battles of
Kaiser Wilhelm I
of
World War One
"The War to end all Wars"
The Great War
The War in
Why is there a war in 1914?
Who stands to gain from conflict?
This war is fought by schedule
- very time-critical
Assassinated
in
The “July Crisis” The “Blank Cheque”
25 July:
28 July:
29 July:
30 July:
01 August:
WAR PLANS:
The Schlieffen Plan Plan XVII
Blockade: economic warfare.
Germans use submarines
British mine the
07 May 1915:
128 Americans. A legitimate target attacked by illegal means
- technology outruns maritime law.
German High Command: War is
War and we have a weapon tailor-made to defeat the enemy.
"What can she do? She
cannot come over here!
… I do not give a damn about
Gen. Erich von
Ludendorff
German Chief of Staff
unrestricted Sub warfare.
with
24
Feb.:
Most Secret
For Your Excellency's personal information and to be handed on to the Imperial
Minister in
We intend to
begin unrestricted submarine warfare on the first of February. We shall
endeavor in spite of this to keep the
You will
inform the President [of Mexico]
of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United
States is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative,
invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan
and ourselves.
Please call
the President's attention to the fact that the unrestricted employment of our
submarines now offers the prospect of compelling
Zimmerman
March 1917: Germans sink Algonquin,
“…We shall fight for the
things which we have always carried nearest our hearts - for democracy, for the
rights of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own
governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal
dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and
safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free."
President Woodrow
Wilson,
Address
to Joint session of Congress,
Legacies & Lessons Learned
Total non-combatant
war-related deaths: 20,000,000
American expenses in the war:
$32,000,000,000.
Legacies & Lessons Learned
Political:
-Total Home Front
mobilizations -
Industry,
Finance and propaganda
(manipulation
of the corporate mindset)
1914: Everyone (except maybe
everyone would still be there at the end.
1918: Four Empires are gone -
Without
sufficiently
harsh to make the losers seek
rpartnere,
and sufficiently weak to allow it.
Technological:
Mechanization &
Mobilization-IC engines & steel,
poison gas, subs, tanks, aviation, machine guns.
Telegraph's limitations leads to improved radios used mainly by the Navy, still
too heavy for individual ground forces.
Military Organization:
Contingency Plans - poor or
non-existent.
When
the plan stalled, the war stalled.
The Peace
1918 - 1919:
"Fourteen Points" calling for an
intl. Governing
Body to prevent future wars and a variety of
measures aimed at natl. self-determination for
subject minorities. In order to get the
League of Nations Wilson has to concede on
colonial possessions. In any event it was a moot
point - The new Republican Senate led by
Henry Cabot Lodge refused to ratify the
treaty.
1)
Open covenants,
openly arrived at.
2)
Freedom of the
Seas in peace and war.
3)
Open
International trade.
4)
Reduction of
military stockpiles.
5)
Adjust of
colonial claims for national self-determination.
6)
Evacuation of
occupied Russian territory.
7)
Evacuation &
restoration of
8)
Return
9)
Adjustment of
Italian borders.
10)
Independence of
Austro-Hungarian ethnic & national
minorities.
11)
Romanian, Serbian
and Montenegrin independence.
12)
minorities.
13)
Recreation of
14)
Creation of a
ARTICLE 231:
The Allied and Associate
Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her
allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated
Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war
imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.
ARTICLE 232:
The Allied and Associated
Governments realize that the resources of
The Allied and Associated
Governments, however, require, and
ARTICLE 233:
The amount of the above
damage for which compensation is to be made by
This is the justification for
a $200 Billion reparations
bill against
arms based on the promise of
Points.
Do the Germans have a grievance?
Is there a balance of power in the world in 1919?
Alexander II
1855 – 1881
Alexander III
1881 – 1894 Nicolas
II 1894 – 1917
Social Democratic Party 1898
Vladimir Ill’ych Ulyanov Lenin
Bolshevik Russo-Japanese
War
October Manifesto Duma
Czarina Alexandra Gregori
Rasputin
General Alexander Kerensky
Union of Soviet Socialists Republics
Russian Civil War
1918 – 1922
Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak
“White Russians” “Red
Russians”
V. I. Lenin Iosef Dugashvili
(Stalin)
War Communism
New Economic Policy
1922 - 1927
Krupskaya Lenin Lev
Bronstein (Trotsky)
Lev Kamenev Grigori
Zinoviev
OGPU Collectivization
Five Year Plans Party
purges
Gulags
World War II
Is this a result of WW I?
Is this a continuation of WW I?
Are the combatants the same?
What has changed?
What has stayed the same?
1931:
Japanese East-Asian
Co-Prosperity Sphere
the LON condemns
withdraws from the LON in March 1933.
October 1933: German Chancellor Adolph Hitler
withdraws from the LON in violation of
March 1935: Hitler repudiates
to openly rearm
interwar arms treaty signed by the Weimar Govt.
April 1935: LON condemns Hitler's actions, and the
French govt. signs a mutual defense agreement
with the
March 1936: Germans reoccupy the Rhineland DMZ
&
pact against
troops use aircraft, MGs and mustard gas against
the Ethiopian cavalry.
July 1936: The Spanish Civil War erupts between
Monarchists/political conservatives led by
Gen. Francisco Franco and the socialist/left
coalition that won the 1936 national elections.
September 1936: France & GB initiate mild
sanctions
against
LON
charter.
October 1936: Mussolini signs an alliance with
Hitler, and withdraws from the LON in
December
1937.
on the Marco Polo bridge near
responds by invading southern
seizing
Peking and
(Who
owns
March 1938: Hitler annexes
Hitler demands the
Germans,
(and the
Czeka
Zubrojovka arms factories). British PM
Neville
Chamberlain returns to
a
signed agreement by Hitler to take no further
territories.
March 1939: Hitler annexes the rest of
April 1939: German Foreign Minister
Joachim
von Ribbentrop demands
guarantee
Polish territorial integrity on threat of
war.
a mutual non-aggression treaty between the
Soviet Union and
In 1914, all the major powers
expected all the major
powers
to still be there when the war ended.
In
1939 you have a conflict of societies with
political practices that are mutually
exclusive -
Fascism vs. communism vs. capitalism
Authoritarianism/totalitarianism
vs.
liberal democracy
World war II will be a conflict between societies -
A fight to the death.
World War II: the last "Great War"?
Four wars in one:
1) The 2nd
German War
2) The
"Great Patriotic War"
3) The War
for
4) The Great
Pacific War
Each starts at different
times with different players-
1)
vs.
2)
Soviet Union Vs.
3)
4)
Objectives:
Neutrality Acts British
& Dutch East Indies
Lend-Lease Act
March 1941
D-Day
Operation OVERLORD
Gen. Bernard Montgomery Gen. George S. Patton
V-E Day
Battles of Coral Sea & Midway Summer 1942
Admiral
“
“Strategic” Bombing
Kwajelain
& Eniwetok February 1944
The “
Firebomb Raids Operation
OLYMPIC September 1945
V-J Day
THE COLD WAR
August 1941: Atlantic Charter
17 July –
Stalin
Harry S. Truman Clement
Atlee
“Cold War” c.
1947 – 1989
September 1949:
October 1949:
German Democratic Republic
Kuomintang Chiang
Kai-Shek
Chinese Communist Party Mao Tse Tung
1949: People’s
Republic of
“Iron Curtain” Marshall
Plan
1948 – 1949:
1949:
1955:
1945: United
Nations Security Council
Summer/Fall 1950:
NSC-68
November 1950:
Chinese intervention
U.N. “Police Action”
1952:
Eisenhower – “Deterrence & Containment”
July 1953:
Korean cease-fire
1954: John
Foster Dulles – “Massive Retaliation”
December 1946:
Indochinese war –
1954:
Lyndon B. Johnson – Escalation
January 1968:
Tet Offensive
November 1968:
Richard M. Nixon
“Vietnamization”
1953: Stalin dies
– Nikita Krushchev becomes
Premier
Destalinization The “Cult of Personality”
“Peaceful Coexistence”
“We Will Bury You!”
MAD “Mutual
Assured Destruction”